Fungicide Resistance Action Committee's (FRAC) Classification Scheme of Fungicides According to Mode of Action. F. Dewdney. 2This guide addresses management of pesticide resistance and describes the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee's (FRAC) classification of fungicides and bactericides registered for agricultural and non- agricultural use in Florida by their modes of action. A cross- reference of common names for active ingredients, along with corresponding examples of their trade names, is also provided. Fungicide- resistant plant pathogens are not new. Although the first confirmation of fungicide resistance was in 1. Since then, fungicide resistance has not been infrequent, especially with the introduction of systemic fungicides. There has been concern that the time it takes for resistance to emerge has been shortening. Sometimes resistance occurs within two years of a new commercial fungicide introduction. The development of rapid resistance is related to the increased specificity of targets and selection pressure on the target population. Resistance problems are not unique to plant pathogens. Insecticide- resistant insects, herbicide- resistant weeds, and antibiotic- resistant bacteria are well- documented. These resistant pests have two common traits: 1) they have exceptionally large populations and 2) a rapid rate of reproduction. Weeds were the last category of pests to show resistance because there is a very large seed bank in the soil with many individuals that have limited pesticide exposure. In contrast, insects reproduce with multiple generations in a single year, and some bacteria reproduce several times in a single hour. In both cases, there is less of a population reservoir with these organisms. Where large populations exist, great genetic diversity exists in the population. In these large populations, several individuals will be tolerant of chemical- control measures, perhaps only one in a million or one in a billion. Pests typically become resistant when the same pesticide is used repeatedly within a single year or for several consecutive years. Some individuals believed that selection pressure forced pests to mutate, but this view has been largely discounted through research. However, more accepted reasons for resistance are as follows: There was always a small resistant population present from natural variation. When a pesticide is applied, the susceptible population is controlled, but the smaller, resistant population becomes a larger proportion of the population that re- infests the site. Cross- Resistance versus Multiple- Resistance. Agricultural producers in Florida have the option of using more than 5. Many of these active ingredients work in the same way; in other words, they have the same mode of action. This guide addresses management of pesticide resistance and describes the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee's (FRAC) classification of fungicides and bactericides. Hamas Triumphant: Implications for Security, Politics, Economy, and Strategy 6 Policy Focus #53 Hamas Is not in a hurry. Organizationally, Hamas’s. Comparison of Differences in Insurance Costs for Passenger Cars, Station Wagons, Passenger Vans, Pickups, and Utility Vehicles on the Basis of Damage. Artur reprezentuje przysz The Islamic Society of North America Introduction ISNA, the Islamic Society of North America, is one of America’s most prominent and active Muslim organizations. Modelengine yearbci group size mpn: 00125-keyap-15 avalon avalon/hv camry camry/hv celica corolla echo fj cruiser highlander highlander/ hv land cruiser. Avalon is an island in the Arthurian legend. Avalon may also refer to. Search GREENE TWEED company's catalogues and technical brochures. The Resistance is a game where players attempt to deduce one another's identities. The setting of the game is an imagined battle between a resistance group trying to. Despite the numerous trade products available, these fungicides affect fewer than 2. A plant pathogen is cross- resistant when it cannot be controlled by fungicides affecting the same growth process. An example of a plant pathogen that has cross- resistance is one resistant to fungicides in the triazoles or pyrimidines chemical groups. Both of these are demethylation inhibitors (DMI) that disrupt sterol synthesis. A more serious concern is multiple- resistance. This phenomenon occurs when a plant pathogen is not controlled by fungicides that affect different growth processes. For example, if a plant pathogen is resistant to fungicides that inhibit both mitosis and protein synthesis, two different fungal growth processes, it would be labeled as having multiple- resistance. Fungicide Selection. Farmers and crop advisors need to know which fungicides are best suited to combat resistant plant pathogens. Some manufacturers use the FRAC numerical classification of fungicides (listed in Table 1) to support the use of fungicides in a manner suitable for resistance management. The fungicides are classified according to their modes of action, collective and chemical group names, and active ingredient common names. Some examples of popular trade names are provided in Table 2 as a cross- reference. The tables only include fungicides available in Florida. Those with an intrinsic “high risk” of resistance selection are identified. Some registrants identify the mode- of- action group on the front panel of their product labels. Similar systems have been proposed and encouraged for herbicides and insecticides. Agricultural producers can have difficulty keeping track of which modes of action they use because of the great variety of trade names and package mixtures of fungicides. Additional Information. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). Accessed September 2. Resistance Risk Analysis.” Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 3. Rogers, M. E., and M. M. 2. 01. 2 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Pesticide Resistance and Resistance Management. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 1. The British Crop Protection Council. Tables. Table 1. FRAC's classification of fungicides registered for use in Florida by FRAC numerical code, mode of action, target site of action, and active ingredient common name with resistance risk indication. FRAC code*Mode of action. Target site of action. Active ingredient common name. Resistance risk. 4Nucleic acid synthesis. RNA polymerase IMetalaxyl. Metalaxyl- M (Mefenoxam)HIGH3. DNA/RNA synthesis (proposed)Octhilinone. RESISTANCE NOT KNOWN1. Mitosis and cell division. The numbers were assigned primarily according to the time of product introduction to the market. The letter abbreviations are as follows: P = host plant defense inducers; M = multi- site contact activity; U = unknown mode of action; and NC = not classified. Table 2. Cross- listing of active ingredient common names with trade products registered for use in Florida. Common name. Trade products**Acibenzolar- S- methyl. Actigard, Blockade. Ametoctradin. Orvego, Zampro. Azoxystrobin (HIGH RISK)Abound, Amistar, Azo- Shield, Azotech, Cruiser, Dynasty, Graduate A+, Headway, Heritage, Highway, Maxide, Maxim Quattro, Optishield, Quadris, Quadris Top, Quilt, Renown, Seed Shield, Sporgard, Trio Extra, Uniform. Bacillus subtilis. Companion, Histick, Integral, Kodiak, Premiere, Pro- Mix, Subtilex, System 3. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Taegro Eco. Boscalid. Endura, Pristine. Captan. Captan, Captec, Captevate, Enhance, Fungitrol, Hi- Moly, Rescue, SA- 5. Trilex, Vitavax PCCarbendazim (HIGH RISK)Bioban, Fungiblock, Mauget, Mergal, Polyphase, Rocima, Troysan. Carboxin. Allerax, Cotgard, Enhance, Kernel Guard, Latitude, Prevail, Vitavax. Chloroneb. IX, Teremec, Terramec. Chlorothalonil. Acticide PAX, Aftershock, Antiblu, Applause, Bravo, Busan, Catamaran, Chemtreat, Chloro Gold, Chloronil, Chlorosel, Chlorostar, Chlorothalonil, Chlortram, Cleanwood, CLT, Concert, Concorde, Consyst, Countdown, Daconil, Densil, Disarm, Docket, Echo, Ensign, Equus, Exotherm, Flouronil, Fungitrol, Fungonil, Initiate, Instrata, Legend, Mainsail, Manicure, Maxide, Mold- Ram Nopcocide, Pegasus, Peregrine, Prominence, Quadris, Quali- Pro, Renown, Reserve, Ridomil, Rocima, SA- 5. Spectro, Tee- 1- Up, Thalonil, Thor, Tilt, TM, Vitalonil. Copper (carbonate)CMC, Micropro, Phibrowood, Sustain, UCU, Wolman ECopper (ethanolamine complex)Various swimming pool treatments. Copper (ethylenediamine complex)Current, Harpoon, Komeen, Pondmaster. Copper (hydroxide)Badge, Champion, Cu- Bor, Cupro, Funguran, GX- 5. Junction, Kentan, Kocide, Kop- Hydroxide, Mankocide, Neptune, Nu- Cop, Ridomil Gold Copper, Spin Out. Copper (metallic)Various algaecides and anti- fouling paints. Copper (naphthenate)Various wood preservatives. Copper (oxychloride)Agra Cop, Badge, COCCopper (salts of fatty and rosin acids)Camelot, Tenn- Cop. Copper (sulfate pentahydrate)Various swimming pool treatments, Magna- Bon CS 2. Phyton 2. 7 AG, Quimag, Triangle brand. Copper (triethanolamine complex)Various algaecides and other water treatments. Copper (I oxide)Various anti- fouling paints. Copper (II oxide)Various wood preservatives. Cuprous oxide. Nordox. Cyazofamid. Ranman, Segway. Cyflufenamid. Cyflufenamid, Miltrex, Torino. Cymoxanil. Curzate, Evolve, Tanos. Cyproconazole. Alto, Quadris Xtra. Cyprodinil. Inspire Super, Palladium, Switch, Vangard. Dicloran. Botran. Difenoconazole. Amdro, Cruiser, Dividend, Inspire, Quadris Top, Revus, Seed Shield. Dimethomorph. Acrobat, Forum, Stature. Dodine. Elast. Ethaboxam. Intego Solo. Etridiazole. Banrot, Koban, Terraclor, Terramaster, Terrazole, Truban. Famoxadone (HIGH RISK)Tanos. Fenamidone (HIGH RISK)Fenstop, Reason. Fenarimol. Rubigan. Fenbuconazole. Enable, Indar. Fenpyrazamine. Protexio. Fentin hydroxide. Agri Tin, Enable, Orbit, Super Tin. Ferbam. Ferbam. Fluazinam. Omega. Fludioxonil. Apron, Cannonball, Cruiser, Dynasty, Fludi- Shield, Graduate, Graduate A+, Hurricane, Instrata, Maxim, Medallion, Mozart, Optishield, Palladium, Scholar, Seed Shield, Sporgard, Switch, Trio Extra, Warden. Fluopicolide. Adorn, Presidio, Stellar. Fluopyram. Luna Experience, Luna Sensation, Luna Tranquility. Fluoxastrobin (HIGH RISK)Aftershock, Disarm, Evito. Flutolanil. Artisan, Contrast, Convoy, Moncoat, Moncut, Prostar, Sysstar. Flutriafol. Topguard. Fluxapyroxad. Acceleron, Sercadis, Systiva, Xzemplar. Folpet. Folpet, Fungitrol, several wood preservatives. Fosetyl- Al. Aliette, Armortech, Autograph, Avalon, Flanker, Fosetyl- Al, Gimme, Legion, Linebacker, Novasource, Prodigy Signature, Viceroy. Imazalil. Clinafarm, Deccozil, Freshgard, Fungaflor, Magnate, Pacrite. Ipconazole. Acceleron, Inovate, Rancona, Vortex. Iprodione. 26/3. 6, 2. GT, Andersons, Armortech, Chipco, Dovetail, Enclosure, Iprodione, Lesco, Nevado, OHP, Primeraone, Quali- Pro, Raven, Rovral, Tazz, TM + IPKresoxim- methyl (HIGH RISK)Cygnus, Sovran. Laminarin. Vacciplant. Mancozeb. Acrobat MZ, Clevis, Cuprofix MZ, Dithane, Evolve, Fore, Gaucho, Gavel, Junction, Koverall, Manco- Phite, Mancozeb, Mancozide, Manhandle, Manzate, Maxim, Moncoat, Penncozeb, Pentathlon, Potato Seed Treater, Protect, Ridomil Gold MZ, SA- 5.
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